Hydrogen Generator and Control for Internal-Combustion Vehicle

ABSTRACT

A hydrogen generating apparatus and control system for use in an internal combustion engine of a vehicle for increasing the efficiency of the engine and decreasing emissions from the engine in a safe manner for a moving vehicle, having close-spaced metal electrolysis plates in the generator housing, configured to inject hydrogen into the intake manifold or alternatively into the combustion chamber, and monitoring and controlling gas level, liquid levels, temperature, pressure, flow rate, electric current, and tachometer, with monitoring and overriding control from the cab of the vehicle.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention provides a hydrogen generating apparatus and controlsystem for use in motor vehicles to increase the performance anddecrease the emissions of the engine of the motor vehicle.

Federal regulations require that automobile manufacturers improve fuelefficiency and emissions control. The addition of hydrogen gas andoxygen gas to the fuel system of an internal combustion engine is knownto improve fuel efficiency and decrease the emission of undesiredpollutants. These benefits are thought to be the result of more completecombustion induced by the presence of hydrogen in fuel, as a consequenceof which efficiency increases, while dangerous emissions with soot andcarbon monoxide decrease.

The hydrogen and oxygen may be generated through electrolysis of anaqueous solution with the gases given off being mixed with the fuel andair supplied to the engine. The hydrolysis of water is known to produceboth hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. The generation of small quantities ofhydrogen and oxygen using one or more electrolysis cells with thehydrogen and oxygen generated then being combined with the usualair/fuel mixture to improve the efficiency of internal combustionengines has been proposed in a number of published documents.

The car industry produced hydrogen devices called electronic fuelinjection enhancers (EFIE) that can be used for retrofitting a car.Basically, they use the process of electrolysis to introduce a smallamount of hydrogen gas to the air that's already being drawn into theengine. As a result, the mix of air/hydrogen gas causes greater ignitionand burns much better. This gives higher fuel efficiency and in somecases can actually cause the exhaust coming out of the engine to be moreoxygen rich and cleaner, taking away the need for a catalytic converter.The electricity needed for the electrolysis is drawn off of the car'salternator to create what is called HHO, or oxohydrogen, or brown gas.

Since hydrogen is flammable, care should be exercised when retrofittinga vehicle with a hydrogen generator. The present invention contemplatesprovision of a hydrogen generator for use with a vehicle powered by acombustion engine that can be safely installed on a vehicle to improvefuel efficiency and decrease harmful emissions.

There is a need for a hydrogen generating apparatus that can beincorporated into a vehicle motor system in a safe and efficient manner.

There is a need for a hydrogen generating apparatus that incorporatesclosely-spaced electrode cells for increased rate of separation ofoxygen and hydrogen in water molecules, in order to increaseportability, efficiency, and safety when used in vehicles.

There is a need for a control system to regulate and adjust theproduction and use of highly explosive hydrogen and oxygen in a vehicle.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a hydrogen generating apparatus andcontrol system for use in an internal combustion engine of a vehicle forincreasing the efficiency of the engine and decreasing emissions fromthe engine, in a safe manner for a moving vehicle, having close-spacedmetal electrolysis plates in the generator housing, configured to injecthydrogen into the intake manifold or alternatively into the combustionchamber, and monitoring and controlling gas level, liquid levels,temperature, pressure, flow rate, electric current, and tachometer, withmonitoring and overriding control from the cab of the vehicle.

The present invention solves existing problems of providing safe andefficient generation and use of explosive hydrogen for moving vehicles.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

Reference will now be made to the drawings, wherein like parts aredesignated by like numerals, and wherein

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the hydrogen-generating-and-control systemof the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a section view of the optional modified spark plug of anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a section view of a gas tube optionally used with anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of an embodiment of the hydrogen injector ofthe present invention.

FIG. 5 is a schematic view of another embodiment of the hydrogeninjector of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the hydrogen generator of an embodimentof the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a perspective view with hidden internal structures of thehydrogen generator of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is an exploded view of the hydrogen generator of an embodiment ofthe present invention.

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the internal structures of the hydrogengenerator of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 is an exploded view of the electrolytic plate assembly of thehydrogen generator of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11 is an assembled view of the electrolytic plate assembly of thehydrogen generator of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12 is an elevation view of the electrolytic plate assembly of thehydrogen generator of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 13 is an exploded view of the internal structures of the hydrogengenerator of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 14 is a perspective view of the arrangement of metal plates of theelectrolytic plate assembly of the hydrogen generator of anotherembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 15 is a perspective view of the electrolytic plate assembly of thehydrogen generator of another embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 16 is an exploded view of another embodiment of the hydrogengenerator of the present invention.

FIG. 17 is another exploded view of another embodiment of the hydrogengenerator of the present invention.

FIG. 18 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the hydrogengenerator of the present invention.

FIG. 19 is a perspective back view of another embodiment of the hydrogengenerator of the present invention, showing mounting structures.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Referring to FIG. 1, a schematic of the hydrogen-generating-and-controlsystem 100 using the hydrogen generating apparatus, theinternal-combusting engine 200 of a vehicle, through the fuel-intakemanifold 201 of the engine or by optional alternate means of injectionthrough spark-plug ports or through multiport fuel injectors, isprovided with hydrogen gas through a hydrogen injector 64 suppliedthrough a hydrogen conduit 62 by a hydrogen generator 10 thatelectrolytically generates hydrogen gas from water. Electric current forthe electrolysis is provided by the vehicle's battery 203 and alternator204 or similar sources, to an anode rod 54 of the hydrogen generator 10,through an electrolytic plate assembly 38 immersed in water, and thenthrough a cathode rod 56 to the vehicle's common electric chassis groundto complete the circuit. Separated hydrogen gas collects in the innerchamber 11, above the water level, and is delivered to the hydrogeninjector 64 through the hydrogen conduit 62.

The operation of the hydrogen generator 10 and thehydrogen-generating-and-control system 100 are under the control of thesystem controller 110, receiving signals from and sending signals to avariety of sensors and actuators or relays through a controller manifold111, including communication with the engine control unit (ECU) 202 ofthe vehicle's engine. The system controller displays information on anin-cab display 128, and is subject to overriding control from an in-cabconsole 114. For safety reasons, overriding control should normally belimited to safe parameters and combinations of parameters in order toprevent explosion or catastrophic failure resulting from operator error.

Referring now to FIG. 2 & FIG. 3, in an embodiment of the invention, thegenerated hydrogen gas can be introduced directly into the cylinders ofthe engine through gas tubes 72 into extender sleeves 76 for spark plugs70. A one-way check valve can be incorporated into the gas tubes 72 byproviding a narrowed portion 73 of the tube, and a spring-returning ball74 to stop the reduced-diameter opening 75 created by the narrowedportion 73 whenever the pressure in the cylinder becomes greater thanthe pressure in the gas tube 72, such as during ignition and combustioninside a particular cylinder. In this embodiment, the function of thehydrogen injector 64 is divided among and located near each individualspark plug and cylinder. Hydrogen is injected into the spark plug port,through a channel and one way valve and exits next to the spark gap.This is done at the same time the spark is engaging, thus causing arapid and hot detonation causing the fuel to rapidly, completely, andefficiently burn. In this embodiment, hydrogen is sprayed on the tip ofthe spark plug during the spark phase. By doing this the ignition sparkis raised from 0.001 Joules to a magnitude of 10 Joules, which is farsuperior to any spark enhancing method known today.

Referring to FIG. 4, in another embodiment of the invention, hydrogengas can be injected into the intake manifold at the throttle body, forcarburetor or single-point or central-port fuel injection systems, ordirectly into each cylinder for multiport fuel injection systems,through one or more throttle spacers 63 having hydrogen nozzles 65. Insuch an embodiment, the function of the hydrogen injector 64 isperformed by either a single or multiple throttle spacers 63 withhydrogen nozzles 65, with the generated hydrogen injected either intothe intake manifold or optionally directly into each cylinder formultiport fuel injection systems.

In both embodiments, the hydrogen injector 64 is supplied with generatedhydrogen gas from the hydrogen conduit 62, regulated by an appropriatenumber of gas-flow valves 68 under the control of the system controller110 through a control-signal line 79.

The closer to the ignition point that the hydrogen is injected, the lesshydrogen is consumed to achieve the results. The hydrogen detonates in 3milliseconds which accelerates the burning of the gasoline, diesel andso on. The slower type burning fuel such as diesel will produce a higherefficiency number compared to gasoline. Natural gas will produce betternumbers than diesel or gasoline. This acceleration of burning the fuelgenerates more horse power, increases torque and fuel mileage of thevehicle, while reducing harmful emissions. The preliminary tests showedthat the slower burning type of fuel is used by the vehicle, the betterthe affect the hydrogen has on that fuel. For instance, diesel-poweredvehicles achieve a better efficiency level than gasoline-powered enginebecause diesel naturally burns slower than gasoline. Therefore, whenhydrogen that detonates at 3 milliseconds is added to these fuels itraises their burn rate thus getting more efficiency out of the fuels.

Referring now to FIG. 5, a schematic representation of an 8-cylinderengine, having 8 spark plugs 70 and 8 spark-plug wires 78, wheregenerated hydrogen gas is to be injected separately into each cylindereither through an optional spark plug extender sleeve or throughoptional injection near or directly into each cylinder, each hydrogeninjector 64 supplies generated hydrogen gas from the hydrogen conduit62, regulated by a gas-flow valve 68 under control of the systemcontroller 110 through a control-signal line 79.

Referring now to FIG. 6 & FIG. 7, in an embodiment of the hydrogengenerator 10 of the present invention, a generator housing 12 defines aninner chamber 11 that is capable of holding water-electrolyte andholding hydrogen gas under pressure. The hydrogen gas will separate fromand rise above the water-electrolyte and will occupy the top portion ofthe inner chamber 11. The generator housing is sealed by a cover section16 having a water port 80 for bringing water into or out of the hydrogengenerator 10, and through which pass an anode rode 54 and a cathode rod56, allowing electrical connection of the hydrogen generator 10 unit tothe hydrogen-generating-and-control system 100 installed in a vehicle.

The top of the housing 12 has a gas outlet 60 through which generatedhydrogen gas is sent via the hydrogen conduit 62 to the hydrogeninjector 64. Also mounted on the housing 12 are a water-level high-lowsensor 106 monitoring whether the generator is under-filled orover-filled, a gas-pressure sensor 116 monitoring the pressure at theentrance to the hydrogen conduit 62, and a generator temperature sensor118 monitoring the temperature inside the housing.

The housing 12 contains an electrolytic plate assembly 38 structurallysupported by, and in electrical contact with, an anode supportingconductor 53 and a cathode supporting conductor 55, which areelectrically insulated from the inner chamber 11 on the greater part oftheir outside, exposed surfaces, but are electrically conductiveinternally, and are structurally and electrically connected, throughproperly sealed and insulated holes in the cover section 16, to theanode rod 54 and the cathode rod 56. Suitable supporting conductors canbe made from steel bar, externally insulated with a rubber, plastic, orepoxy coating, with electrically conductive holes or sockets in theappropriate locations.

Referring briefly to FIG. 10 & FIG. 11, in an embodiment, theelectrolytic plate assembly 38 is constructed of metal plates of306-grade stainless steel of 0.030-inch thickness, arranged in aninterleaved fashion with the plates located close to, but not in contactwith each other except as provided. Each plate has essentially equal orcomparable vertical and horizontal dimensions as assembled. Each platehas a number of holes placed through it to allow for proper mounting.The holes are arranged so that there is an upper row and a lower row ofholes, and so that when the plates are arranged in an interleaved,overlapping pattern, with the upper row of holes of some plates lined upwith the lower rows of other plates, there will be a precise gap in thevertical dimension between adjacent ranks of plates. The greater numberof plates do not have any section or quadrant cut out or removed, and alesser number of plates have one quadrant removed creating plates havinga protrusion or tab. The plates with the protrusions or tabs or cut-outsare the connected plates that will be electrically connected to theanode or cathode rods, and the wholes plates are the isolated platesthat will not be electrically connected through any structure, but willinstead interact only through the charged electrolyte solution. In aprototype, as shown, 60 essentially 2-inch-by-2-inch stainless steelplates are used, with 40 plates being square, and 20 plates having1-inch-square cut-outs and being generally “L” shaped. The vertical gapbetween ranks of plates is 0.030 of an inch, and the horizontal gapbetween most of the plates is 0.020 of an inch, maintained bynon-conducting spacers 35 or washers. When assembled, the plates areheld together, at the proper distance apart, by non-conductive supportmembers 34. The electrolytic plate assembly 38 is assembled withessentially half of the connected plates located at the top, having anominally upward-facing projection, and the other half at the bottom,having a nominally downward-facing projection. The isolated plates arearranged in ranks, interleaved with, but not electrically contactingother isolated plates and the connected plates at the top and bottom, asshown.

The electrolytic plates can be made out of stainless steel or othersuitable metals. Carbon graphite also makes an excellent electrolyticplate. As long as the sizes and shapes of the electrolytic plates areuniform in relation to each other, the exact size and shape of theplates are not critical, as long as sufficient surface area of the anodeplates are located in close proximity to sufficient surface area of thecathode plates. The electrolytic plate assembly 38 as illustrated in thedrawings are shown as a series of rectangular or square electrode platesalthough other configurations of the electrode assembly are possible.The electrolytic plate assembly 38 provides for a multi-cell bipolarelectrode assembly for increased efficiency of the electrolysis reactionin the hydrogen generator 10 apparatus. The materials from which theelectrolytic plates are made are selected to minimize the effects ofdifferent coefficients of expansion of the materials, withstand strongcorrosive action of the electrolyte solution and provide effective andefficient electrolysis process. Thus, preferably, the electrolyticplates are made from a suitable stainless steel or carbon graphitematerial.

Referring to FIG. 8, FIG. 9, FIG. 12, & FIG. 13, the two ranks ofconnected plates at the top and the bottom of the assembly are connectedstructurally and electrically each to an appropriate supportingconductor 53, 55 which in turn are connected to an appropriate anode orcathode rod extending out of the generator housing 12 through the coversection 16. The structural and electrical connections are made withconductive support members 36 and conductive spacers 37. Electricallyinsulating materials 40 are used to insulate the passage of the anoderod 54 and the cathode rod 56 through the cover section 16, the outersurfaces of the anode supporting conductor 53 and the cathode supportingconductor 55, and the non-conductive support members 34 andnon-conducting spacers 35. The conductive support members 36 can bemetal bolts, and the conductive spacers can be metal washers of theproper thickness. The non-conductive support members 34 can be plasticor nylon bolts or rods, and the non-conductive spacers can be plastic ornylon washers of the proper thickness.

Referring now to FIG. 14 & FIG. 15, in another embodiment, theelectrolytic plate assembly 38 is constructed of metal plates arrangedin an interleaved fashion with the plates located close to, but not incontact with each other except as provided. Each plate has a bottom edgeand a top edge, and a short edge and a long edge. Along the long edge,the top edge has a projection 44, 46, and each projection has a narrowedpart 45, 47. When assembled, the plates are held together, at the properdistance apart, by non-conductive support members 34. The electrolyticplate assembly 38 is assembled with essentially half of the plateshaving a nominally left-located projection 44, and the other half havinga nominally right-located projection 46, interleaving the plates witheach other as shown. When the plates are put in place, the left-locatedprojections 44 and narrowed parts 45 line up with each other, and theright-located projections 46 and narrowed parts 47 line up with eachother. An electrical-contact member 48, one for the left and another forthe right, fits into and makes electrical contact with the narrowedparts 45, 47 of every other plate in the assembly, bringing all of theleft-located, and all of the right-located plates into electricalcontact with all of the other same-located plates. Therefore all of theleft-located plates function as a first single electrode, and all of theright-located plates function as a separate second single electrode. Thefirst and second electrodes are closely interleaved with each other, butare not in electrical contact with each other.

An elongated cap 50 fits over the tops of the projections 44, and asimilar elongated cap 52 fits over the tops of the projections 46. Thecaps 50, 52 cover and protect most of the electrical-contact members 48.Where the left-located plates are arbitrarily assigned to be the anode,an anode rod 54 is secured to the left elongated cap 50, and a cathoderod 56 is secured to the right elongated cap 52. The anode rod 54 andcathode rod 56 are intended to protrude from the top of the hydrogengenerator 10 unit and provide the electrical-connection points for thehydrogen generator 10 within the hydrogen-generating-and-control system100.

The electrical-contact members 48 can be formed from stainless steelfinger stock.

Referring now to FIG. 16 & FIG. 17, exploded views of the otherembodiment of the complete hydrogen generator 10 apparatus, theelectrolytic plate assembly 38 is contained within a generator housing12 having a base section 14 and a cover section 16 with a gasket 18between, and securely joined together through joining structures 26which allow for disassembly and re-assembly when needed. The housing 12can be formed from a material with sufficient mechanical strength andwith sufficient corrosion resistance to the internal electrolytes andgasses and to the external conditions of a vehicle's engine compartment.Use of non-conductive material such as fiberglass or plastics willresult in a self-insulating housing. Use of conductive material such asstainless steel for the housing will require the proper insulatingmaterials and structures to be provided to prevent malfunction.

When assembled, the generator housing 12 defines an inner chamber 11that is capable of holding water-electrolyte and holding hydrogen gasunder pressure. The hydrogen gas will separate from and rise above thewater-electrolyte and will occupy the top portion of the inner chamber11.

Referring additionally to FIG. 18, the top of the cover section 16 ofthe housing 12 has a gas outlet 60 through which generated hydrogen gasis sent via the hydrogen conduit 62 to the hydrogen injector 64. Otherinlets and outlets are provided for circulating water through thehydrogen generator 10 and for attachment of sensors and controls as setforth herein. The anode rod 54 and the cathode rod 56 protrude throughthe housing 12, allowing electrical connection of the hydrogen generator10 unit to the hydrogen-generating-and-control system 100 installed in avehicle. In an illustrated embodiment, the anode and cathode rodsprotrude through the top of the housing 12, which is a convenient andaccessible location for the embodiment. The anode and cathode rods couldbe placed in other locations relative to the housing.

Referring additionally to FIG. 19, the hydrogen generator 10 can beprovided with mounting brackets 20, 22 attached at the bottom or at thenominal back side 24 of the housing 12, in order to facilitate mountingof the hydrogen generator near a vehicle's engine.

Referring again to FIG. 1, in use, the hydrogen generator 10 of theinvention is electrically connected to the vehicle through the anode rod54, which is connected ultimately to the positive (+) side of thevehicle's battery, and the cathode rod 56, which is connected ultimatelyto the negative (−) common chassis ground. The inner chamber 11 of thehousing 12 contains sufficient water to cover the electrolytic plateassembly 38, leaving space above the water into which generated hydrogengas will rise and concentrate. Inside the housing 12, the anode rod 54is electrically connected to the anode group of electrolytic platesthrough the elongated cap 50 and the corresponding electrical-contactmember 48, and the cathode rod 56 is electrically connected to thecathode group of electrolytic plates through the elongated cap 52 andthe corresponding electrical-contact member 48. When electric current isapplied, hydrogen gas is generated by electrolytic action, and thegenerated hydrogen gas rises to the top portion of the inner chamber 11,above the water, from where it exits the generator housing and isconveyed by the hydrogen conduit 62 to the hydrogen injector 64, whichcan optionally be configured as a single injector or as multipleseparate injectors in embodiments appropriate for different enginesfuel-intake systems. The hydrogen injector 64 injects generated hydrogengas either into an intake manifold or directly into combustion cylindersof the vehicle's engine 200, providing a more complete, efficient, andenvironmentally cleaner combustion of the engine's main fuel.

The hydrogen-generating-and-control system 100 of the invention controlsthe operation of the hydrogen generator 10 in order to ensure safeoperations at optimal levels. A system controller 110, receives signalsfrom and sends signals to a variety of sensors and actuators or relays,through a controller manifold 111. The system controller 110 makesadjustments to the operation of the hydrogen generator in light ofinformation provided automatically by a variety of sensors, andinformation provided by an operator through an in-cab console 114 or aremote device 130 such as a smartphone or a tablet computer. The systemcontroller 110 also displays information on an in-cab display 128 or aremote device 130. The capability of communicating through a remotedevice 130 is provided by an optional radio-frequency (RF)communications unit 129, such as a transceiver for cellular telephone orsatellite communications services.

The system controller 110 communicates with the hydrogen injector 64,activating the injector or separate divisions of the injector at theproper times relative to combustion timing, and monitoring theconditions at the injector location. Optionally, the hydrogen injector64 can be provided with a vacuum sensor to supplement data obtainedthrough other sensors.

The system controller 110 communicates with the engine control unit(ECU) 202 and onboard diagnostic system (OBD) of the vehicle's engine.Some of the ECU-OBD sensor data relevant to operation of the hydrogengenerator 10 are crankshaft position (or tachometer), air-fuel ratio,timing, mass air flow, oxygen, and knock. In embodiments where thehydrogen generator is driven by the vehicle's main electrical system andbattery, the vehicle's data re the electrical system is also relevant.

The system controller 110 receives data from sensors in or on thehydrogen generator 10 housing 12, including a water-level high-lowsensor 106 monitoring whether the generator is under-filled orover-filled, a gas-pressure sensor 116 monitoring the pressure at theentrance to the hydrogen conduit 62, and a generator temperature sensor118 monitoring the temperature inside the housing.

The system controller 110 sends control signals to start, speed, slow,or stop the flow of electric current into, and water into or out of, thehydrogen generator 10, as a means of controlling and regulating thegeneration of additional hydrogen gas by electrolysis.

The supply of electric current to the hydrogen generator 10 iscontrolled through the current-in relay 91, where the current suppliesthe voltage to drive the electrolysis reaction and produces morehydrogen gas. The presence of heat is beneficial to the electrolysis ofwater, and the higher the heat, the less voltage is required to producea unit of hydrogen gas. Therefore the system controller 110 must accountfor the temperature reported by the generator temperature sensor 118 incalculating when and how much current to send into the hydrogengenerator.

The electrolysis of water into hydrogen gas and oxygen consumes water,which must be replenished. It is estimated that a typical embodiment ofthe hydrogen generator will use 8 to 9 cups of water during 10 hours ofoperation. Optimally the water-electrolyte level should be kept abovethe top of the electrolytic plate assembly 38. Although the commonelectrolyte salt sodium chloride (NaCl) would produce chlorine gas andwould be consumed, other electrolytes are available which will not beconsumed but will become more concentrated as the water is consumed. Inan embodiment using a consumable electrolyte, the hydrogen generator 10is replenished with a water and electrolyte mixture. In an embodimentusing a non-consumable electrolyte, the hydrogen generator 10 isreplenished with plain water, which will dilute the concentratedelectrolyte remaining in the generator.

Water is supplied to the hydrogen generator 10 from a water reservoir82, through a water line 83, having a check valve 88 to preventbackflow. A reservoir high-low sensor 119, monitored by the systemcontroller 110, is provided for the water reservoir 82. The systemcontroller 110 monitors the hydrogen generator's water-level high-lowsensor 106 and activates the water-in relay 92 which in turn activatesthe water pump 86 and the water-in valve 87, adding water to thehydrogen generator 10 and stopping when a proper water level is reached.

When water-electrolyte needs to be removed from the hydrogen generator10, the system controller 110 activates the water-out relay 93, which inturn activates the water-out valve 89, releasing water-electrolyte fromthe housing 12 of the hydrogen generator 10. Depending upon the specificelectrolyte or electrolytes used in a given embodiment, the releasedwater-electrolyte can be recirculated and reused, sent to a storage tankfor later removal and possible recovery, sent to a filter or evaporatorfor further processing, or dumped to the outside environment.

In use, the system controller 110 determine's the engine's need forhydrogen gas based primarily on data received from the vehicle's ECU-OBD202, either under a standard set of operational parameters or underparameters modified by an operator using the in-cab console 114 or aremote device 130 such as a smartphone or a tablet computer. The systemcontroller obtains the pressure of the generated hydrogen gas in theinner chamber 11 near the gas outlet 60 and entering the hydrogenconduit 62. If more hydrogen gas needs to be generated, and if suchgeneration will not push the system over any safety limit or operationallimit, the system controller 110 will activate the current-in relay 91,sending an appropriate electric current into the hydrogen generator 10and generating more hydrogen gas.

At the hydrogen injector 64, generated hydrogen gas in the hydrogenconduit 62 is injected either into an intake manifold 201 or directlyinto the cylinders of the engine 200 as disclosed herein, under thecontrol of the system controller 110 and in coordination with real-timedata received from the vehicle's ECU-OBD 202. The hydrogen injector 64provides feedback to the system controller 110 indicating successfulinjection of the generated hydrogen gas and the flow rate of thegenerated hydrogen gas into the engine, and, optionally, additional datafrom optional sensors in the hydrogen injector.

Typical operating pressure in a typical embodiment of the hydrogengenerator will be in the approximate range 100-200 p.s.i., withpressures significantly below that being too weak to be injected intothe engine effectively, and pressures significantly above that causingpotential mechanical failure, leakage, or explosion. To some extent, abuildup of hydrogen gas pressure will affect the equilibrium of theelectrolysis reaction and will be self-limiting, as long as the systemcontroller 110 does not improperly try to compensate by increasing theelectric current, and ultimately the voltage, driving the electrolysis.Because the electrolysis of water, using the proper electrolyte(s),requires an input of energy in the form of a combination of voltage andheat, the reaction is unlikely to run away as long as the systemcontroller 110 is sophisticated enough to avoid over-application ofelectric current, and as long as safety measures to force a shutdown ofelectric current to the hydrogen generator are provided.

Regarding safety, the gas-pressure sensor 116 can optionally be adaptedto serve as a pressure-release valve to prevent unsafe pressure in theinner chamber 11 of the hydrogen-generator housing 12. Otherwise, aseparate pressure-release valve can be provided. Such a pressure-releasevalve is likely to release extremely reactive and explosive hydrogengas, so it should not be vented directly into the vehicle's enginecompartment, but might be routed to a storage vessel or to a filter orcatalytic converter for neutralization. An alternative way of loweringpotentially dangerous gas pressures in the inner chamber 11 is torelease water-electrolyte from the hydrogen-generator housing 12 throughthe water-out valve 89 as disclosed. The resulting purging ofwater-electrolyte from the hydrogen-generator housing 12 would alsoserve to immediately halt the generation of any further hydrogen gas. Nomatter which method of emergency lowering of gas pressure isimplemented, the electric current supplied to the hydrogen generator 10should be immediately halted upon the approach of dangerously high gaspressure, to halt the generation of any further hydrogen gas.

The generator temperature sensor 118 can also serve as a safety monitorand control, halting the flow of electric current into the hydrogengenerator 10 and therefore halting the further generation of hydrogengas. Otherwise, a separate thermal sensor and cut-off switch can beprovided.

The in-cab display 128 and the in-cab console 114 allow an operator toobserve and influence the operation of the hydrogen generator 10 and thehydrogen-generating-and-control system 100. Optionally, the display andconsole functions can be implemented on a remote device 130 such as asmartphone or a tablet computer. Such an implementation could be in theform of an “app” for a standard smartphone or tablet, an applicationprogram for a larger computer, or could be a standalone remotecontroller. The optional provision of a radio-frequency (RF)communications unit 129, such as a transceiver for cellular telephone orsatellite communications services, with the system controller 110,allows for such remote control, ranging from technically remote controland monitoring from within the vehicle itself to remote control andmonitoring from far away via a network connection.

Many changes and modifications can be made in the present inventionwithout departing from the spirit thereof. I therefore pray that myrights to the present invention be limited only by the scope of theappended claims.

I claim:
 1. A hydrogen generator apparatus for use in an internalcombustion engine of a vehicle for increasing the efficiency of theengine and decreasing emissions from the engine, the hydrogen generatorcomprising: (i) a generator housing having a cover section securelyjoined through joining structures allowing for disassembly andre-assembly, and defining an inner chamber adapted to contain a waterand electrolyte solution in a lower portion and accumulated hydrogen gasin an upper portion of said inner chamber; (ii) an electrolytic plateassembly having close-spaced metal electrolysis plates contained withinsaid lower portion of said generator housing, and having an anode rodand a cathode rod both adapted to protrude through said generatorhousing to provide points of electrical contact with said electrolyticplate assembly; and (iii) a gas outlet in said upper portion of saidgenerator housing adapted to release generated hydrogen gas forinjection into the internal combustion engine; where said electrolyticplate assembly is covered with water and at least one electrolyte,electric current is applied across said anode rod and said cathode rod,resulting generated hydrogen gas accumulates in said upper portion ofsaid generator housing and is discharged through said gas outlet forinjection into the internal combustion engine.
 2. The hydrogen generatorof claim 1, further comprising at least one mounting bracket attached tosaid generator housing, adapted to provide for mounting within theengine compartment of the vehicle.
 3. The hydrogen generator of claim 1,where said generator housing further comprises a housing made ofnon-conductive material.
 4. The hydrogen generator of claim 1, wheresaid joining structures further comprise bolts and nuts.
 5. The hydrogengenerator of claim 1, where said anode rod and cathode rod protrudethrough said generator housing.
 6. The hydrogen generator of claim 1,where said electrolytic plate assembly is made of stainless steel. 7.The hydrogen generator of claim 1, where said electrolytic plateassembly further comprises electrical-contact members.
 8. The hydrogengenerator of claim 1, where said electrolytic plate assembly furthercomprises interleaved plates.
 9. The hydrogen generator of claim 1,where the distance between the plates in said electrolysis plateassembly is within a range of 10-50 mm, inclusive.
 10. The hydrogengenerator of claim 1, where normal pressure of generated hydrogen gaswithin said upper portion of said inner chamber is in the range 100-200p.s.i.
 11. The hydrogen generator of claim 1, where normal consumptionof water is in the range 8-9 cups per 10 hours of normal operation. 12.A hydrogen-generating-and-control system for use in an internalcombustion engine of a vehicle for increasing the efficiency of theengine and decreasing emissions from the engine, thehydrogen-generating-and-control system comprising: (i) a hydrogengenerator having an inner chamber adapted to contain a water andelectrolyte solution in a lower portion and accumulated hydrogen gas inan upper portion of said inner chamber, an electrolytic plate assemblycontained within said lower portion and covered by said water andelectrolyte solution during operation, and having an anode rod and acathode rod both adapted to provide points of electrical contact withsaid electrolytic plate assembly, and a gas outlet in said upper portionadapted to release generated hydrogen gas for injection into theinternal combustion engine; (ii) a hydrogen injector adapted to injectgenerated hydrogen gas into the engine; (iii) a hydrogen conduit adaptedto convey generated hydrogen gas under pressure from said gas outlet tosaid hydrogen injector; (iv) a source of electric current; (v) acurrent-in relay adapted to provide a controlled amount of said electriccurrent across said anode rod and said cathode rod; (vi) a waterreservoir having a water line having a water pump and a water-in valve,adapted to replenish water into said hydrogen generator; (vii) awater-in relay adapted to provide controlled replenishment of water tosaid hydrogen generator by controlled activation of said water pump andwater-in valve; (viii) a water-out valve adapted to release water andelectrolyte from said hydrogen generator; (ix) a water-out relay adaptedto provide controlled release of water and electrolyte from saidhydrogen generator by controlled activation of said water-out valve; (x)a pressure sensor monitoring pressure of generated hydrogen gas at saidgas outlet; (xi) a water-level high-low sensor monitoring level of waterand electrolyte covering said electrolytic plate assembly within saidlower portion of said hydrogen generator; (xii) a generator temperaturesensor monitoring the temperature inside said upper portion of saidhydrogen generator; (xiii) a system controller adapted to: (a) receivedata from said pressure sensor, water-level high-low sensor, andgenerator temperature sensor, and from the vehicle's engine controlunit; (b) control the activation of said hydrogen injector to injectgenerated hydrogen gas into the engine; (c) control the activation ofsaid current-in relay to control the electrolytic generation of hydrogengas; and (d) control the activation of said water-in relay and saidwater-out relay to control water-and-electrolyte level and replenishmentof water to said hydrogen generator; where said system controller: (i)activates said hydrogen injector according to operational parametersdetermined from data provided by the vehicle's engine control unit; (ii)activates said current-in relay according to operational parametersdetermined from data provided by said pressure sensor, water-levelhigh-low sensor, and generator temperature sensor; (iii) activates saidwater-in relay and water-out relay according to operational parametersdetermined from data provided by said pressure sensor, water-levelhigh-low sensor, and generator temperature sensor; and where said systemcontroller provides for safe, efficient, and clean operation of saidhydrogen-generating-and-control system.
 13. Thehydrogen-generating-and-control system of claim 12, further comprising acontroller manifold.
 14. The hydrogen-generating-and-control system ofclaim 12, further comprising an in-cab display.
 15. Thehydrogen-generating-and-control system of claim 12, further comprisingan in-cab console.
 16. The hydrogen-generating-and-control system ofclaim 12, further comprising a remote device.
 17. Thehydrogen-generating-and-control system of claim 12, where said systemcontroller further comprises a radio-frequency communications unit. 18.The hydrogen-generating-and-control system of claim 12, where said waterreservoir further comprises a water-level high-low sensor.
 19. Thehydrogen-generating-and-control system of claim 12, where said waterline further comprises a one-way check valve.
 20. Thehydrogen-generating-and-control system of claim 12, where said systemcontroller prevents the occurrence of unsafe operating conditions anddisables said hydrogen generator upon detection of unsafe operatingconditions.